Two Types of Dynamic Cool Coronal Structures Observed with STEREO and HINODE

Solar coronal loops show significant plasma motions during their formation and eruption stages. Dynamic cool coronal structures, on the other hand, are often observed to propagate along coronal loops. In this paper, we report on the discovery of two types of dynamic cool coronal structures, and characterize their fundamental properties. Using the EUV 304 angstrom images from the Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI) telescope on the Solar TErrestrial RElation Observatory (STEREO) and the Ca II filtergrams from the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) instrument on HINODE, we study the evolution of an EUV arch and the kinematics of cool coronal structures. The EUV 304 angstrom observations show that a missile-like plasmoid moves along an arch-shaped trajectory, with an average velocity of 31 km/s. About three hours later, a plasma arch forms along the trajectory, subsequently the top part of the arch fades away and disappears, meanwhile the plasma belonging to the two legs of the arch flows downward to the arch feet. During the arch formation and disappearance, SOT Ca II images explore dynamic cool coronal structures beneath the arch. By tracking these structures, we classify them into two types. Type I is threadlike in shape and flows downward with a greater average velocity of 72 km/s, finally it combines a loop fibril at chromospheric altitude. Type II is shape-transformable and sometimes rolling as it flows downward with a smaller velocity of 37 km/s, then disappears insularly in the chromosphere. It is suggested that the two types of structures are possibly controlled by different magnetic configurations.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted by RA

Innate immunity, assessed by plasma NO measurements, is not suppressed during the incubation fast in eiders

Immunity is hypothesized to share limited resources with other physiological functions and may mediate life history trade-offs, for example between reproduction and survival. However, vertebrate immune defense is a complex system that consists of three components. To date, no study has assessed all of these components for the same animal model and within a given situation. Previous studies have determined that the acquired immunity of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) is suppressed during incubation. The present paper aims to assess the innate immune response in fasting eiders in relation to their initial body condition. Innate immunity was assessed by measuring plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels, prior to and after injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a method which is easily applicable to many wild animals. Body condition index and corticosterone levels were subsequently determined as indicators of body condition and stress level prior to LPS injection. The innate immune response in eiders did not vary significantly throughout the incubation period. The innate immune response of eiders did not vary significantly in relation to their initial body condition but decreased significantly when corticosterone levels increased. However, NO levels after LPS injection were significantly and positively related to initial body condition, while there was a significant negative relationship with plasma corticosterone levels. Our study suggests that female eiders preserve an effective innate immune response during incubation and this response might be partially determined by the initial body condition

The Role of Bile in the Regulation of Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion

As early as 1926 Mellanby (1) was able to show that introduction of bile into the duodenum of anesthetized cats produces a copious flow of pancreatic juice. In conscious dogs, Ivy & Lueth (2) reported, bile is only a weak stimulant of pancreatic secretion. Diversion of bile from the duodenum, however, did not influence pancreatic volume secretion stimulated by a meal (3,4). Moreover, Thomas & Crider (5) observed that bile not only failed to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice but also abolished the pancreatic response to intraduodenally administered peptone or soap

Use of complementary and alternative medicine at Norwegian and Danish hospitals

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several studies have found that a high proportion of the population in western countries use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, little is known about whether CAM is offered in hospitals. The aim of this study was to describe to what extent CAM is offered in Norwegian and Danish hospitals and investigate possible changes in Norway since 2001.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A one-page questionnaire was sent to all included hospitals in both countries. The questionnaire was sent to the person responsible for the clinical activity, typically the medical director. 99 hospitals in the authority (85%) in Norway and 126 in Denmark (97%) responded. Given contact persons were interviewed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CAM is presently offered in about 50% of Norwegian hospitals and one-third of Danish hospitals. In Norway CAM was offered in 50 hospitals, 40 of which involved acupuncture. 19 hospitals gave other alternative therapies like biofeedback, hypnosis, cupping, ear-acupuncture, herbal medicine, art therapy, homeopathy, reflexology, thought field therapy, gestalt therapy, aromatherapy, tai chi, acupressure, yoga, pilates and other. 9 hospitals offered more than one therapy form. In Denmark 38 hospitals offered acupuncture and one Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Light Therapy. The most commonly reported reason for offering CAM was scientific evidence in Denmark. In Norway it was the interest of a hospital employee, except for acupuncture where the introduction is more often initiated by the leadership and is more based on scientific evidence of effect. All persons (except one) responsible for the alternative treatment had a medical or allied health professional background and their education/training in CAM treatment varied substantially.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The extent of CAM being offered has increased substantially in Norway during the first decade of the 21^stcentury. This might indicate a shift in attitude regarding CAM within the conventional health care system.</p

PEXEL-independent trafficking of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.2 to the parasite-infected red blood cell and Maurer\u27s clefts.

SURFIN(4.2) is a parasite-infected red blood cell (iRBC) surface associated protein of Plasmodium falciparum. To analyze the region responsible for the intracellular trafficking of SURFIN(4.2) to the iRBC and Maurer\u27s clefts, a panel of transgenic parasite lines expressing recombinant SURFIN(4.2) fused with green fluorescent protein was generated and evaluated for their localization. We found that the cytoplasmic region containing a tryptophan rich (WR) domain is not necessary for trafficking, whereas the transmembrane (TM) region was. Two PEXEL-like sequences were shown not to be responsible for the trafficking of SURFIN(4.2), demonstrating that the protein is trafficked in a PEXEL-independent manner. N-terminal replacement, deletion of the cysteine-rich domain or the variable region also did not prevent the protein from localizing at the iRBC or Maurer\u27s clefts. A recombinant SURFIN(4.2) protein possessing 50 amino acids upstream of the TM region, TM region itself and a part of the cytoplasmic region was shown to be trafficked into the iRBC and Maurer\u27s clefts, suggesting that there are no essential trafficking motifs in the SURFIN(4.2) extracellular region. A mini-SURFIN(4.2) protein containing WR domain was shown by Western blotting to be more abundantly detected in a Triton X-100-insoluble fraction, compared to the one without WR domain. We suggest that the cytoplasmic region containing the WR may be responsible for their difference in solubility